Cavitation is the formation and collapse of vapor-filled cavities or bubbles in a liquid, occurring when the local pressure falls below the liquid's vapor pressure. This phenomenon is common in hydraulic machinery, such as pumps, propellers, and turbines. Cavitation starts when the liquid is subjected to rapid changes in pressure, causing vapor bubbles to form in low-pressure regions. As these bubbles move to higher-pressure areas, they collapse violently. The collapse generates intense shock wa