Background: Thoracic autonomic nervous system surgery is mainly used for hyperhidrosis/facial flushing, whereas cardiac and vascular indications are limited. The literature remains controversial ...

Kyphosis and lordosis are abnormal curvatures of the spine that can affect posture and mobility. The two conditions differ not only by the location of the spinal curvature but also by their causes, ...

Quadriparesis is when there is muscle weakness in both arms and both legs. It is different than quadriplegia, which causes paralysis (complete loss of movement) in each of the body’s limbs. The ...

Thoracic endo is a type of endometriosis that affects the lungs and diaphragm. Often thought of as rare, it is the most common extra pelvic site for endometriosis, with an estimated one to 12% of ...

An “S” shaped curve will usually curve left at the lower back (lumbar region) and right at the upper back (thoracic region). This article overviews levoscoliosis, including its causes ...

Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) is an indolent, potentially fatal disease, which progresses at variable rates that are influenced by pathogenesis and patient characteristics. We conducted a systematic ...

Thoracic organ transplantation, including lung, heart, and heart-lung transplants are highly regarded as gold standard treatments for patients suffering from heart failure or chronic end stage lung ...

Lastly, EMGs are also widely used to interface with machines for rehabilitation purposes. Kadone et al. reported a case result in a patient with Thoracic Myelopathy due to ossification of the ...