Two-photon excitation (TPE) microscopy enables imaging of living tissues up to a depth of one millimeter, which is 6 to 10-fold deeper than with confocal microscopy. Like confocal microscopy, TPE ...

Two-photon excitation of a phosphorescent nanoprobe that is quenched by molecular oxygen permits high-resolution measurements of oxygen in both the vasculature and tissue of rodent brain.

An example is the 2023 project at France's École Polytechnique studying how two-photon microscopy can reduce photodamage while also allowing deeper imaging with longer wavelength excitation. This ...

A research group led by Takashi Saito, of the Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, developed a 2-photon excitation light-sheet fluorescence microscope which (1) lowers phototoxicity, (2 ...