The Papal troops are discouraged, and are retiring. They offer no resistance, but commit acts of ferocity on their passage. A state of siege has been proclaimed at Fano, Sinigaglia and Pesaro.

How the Papacy established itself in Rome, how it grew into the large and powerful Papal States, and how it transformed itself into the Vatican State we know today.

Papal vaccine campaigns offered punishments, rewards 200 years ago. News. Pope Pius IX, the last of the popes with temporal power over the Papal States, ...