Here we provide a detailed protocol for determining extracellular localization ... cells are lysed before protease digestion, can determine whether a selected intracellular protein is suitably ...

The key lies in extracting the relationship between the signals inside the cells (intracellular signals) and those recorded on their surface (extracellular signals). "We discovered that ...

By retention of exoenzymes, an extracellular digestion system is formed around the biofilm cells. This degrades complex biopolymers even from particulate materials and allows the bacteria to ...

Besides intracellular ATG function, some ATGs have been detected in patients with chronic CNS inflammation or diabetic kidney diseases, while elevated serum SQSTM1 levels are independent risk factors ...