Here we provide a detailed protocol for determining extracellular localization ... cells are lysed before protease digestion, can determine whether a selected intracellular protein is suitably ...

By retention of exoenzymes, an extracellular digestion system is formed around the biofilm cells. This degrades complex biopolymers even from particulate materials and allows the bacteria to ...

The Nature Index 2024 Research Leaders — previously known as Annual Tables — reveal the leading institutions and countries/territories in the natural and health sciences, according to their ...