The concept behind an integrated chip is relatively simple: an entire electrical circuit with numerous transistors, wires, and other electrical devices all built into a single square of silicon.

It suddenly occurred to him that all parts of a circuit, not just the transistor, could be made out of silicon. At the time, nobody was making capacitors or resistors out of semiconductors.

In 1954, Texas Instruments was the first company to start commercial production of silicon transistors ... calculator, invented at Texas Instruments in 1967, was an integrated semiconductor ...