Early in differentiation, all neural cells have a rostral character. Only later do posteriorly positioned neural cells acquire characteristics of caudal forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain cells.

Previous research has identified the caudal medial prefrontal cortex-midbrain dorsolateral periaqueductal gray as a key pathway governing how animals respond to stress.

Previous research has identified the caudal medial prefrontal cortex-midbrain dorsolateral periaqueductal gray as a key pathway governing how animals respond to stress.

Previous research has identified the caudal medial prefrontal cortex-midbrain dorsolateral periaqueductal gray as a key pathway governing how animals respond to stress.