Introduction. Apical periodontitis (AP) is generally a sequel of a root canal system infection, but even though microbial factors play a main role in the etiology of AP, the presence of lymphocytes, ...

The pathophysiology of TCMP is complex and numerous mechanisms have been postulated, including hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis‐mediated sudden sympathetic activation and surge in concentrations of ...

The apical periodontal space was intensely and extensively invaded by tissue containing acute and chronic inflammatory infiltrates; the latter was characterized by lymphocytes, plasma cells, and ...

In this study, we found that periapical granulomas are the major histopathologic type of periapical lesions in primary teeth. In addition, the cytokines IL-1α and IL-1β are abundantly expressed ...