Abstract: This brief presents a compact and power-efficient full ring-oscillator (RO)-based cascaded fractional-N PLL. The proposed cascaded PLL consists of a RO-based DLL and type-II PLL as the first ...

The resulting stability is not limited by the Dick effect as it is when a BVA quartz oscillator is used as the local oscillator. The stability reached the quantum projection noise limit to within 11%.

Considering the hypothesized functionality of peptides in early chemical evolution and their central role in current bio-nanotechnology, we now reveal a peptide-based oscillator. Oscillatory behavior ...