Papillae help grip food and contain taste buds. Of the four types, the circumvallate (vallate) papillae are on the back of the tongue. They're larger than other papillae and have sensors detecting ...

Foliate papillae, arranged into reddish folds on the sides of the tongue, contain many taste buds organized around these crevices. Larger, dome-shaped vallate papillae sit toward the back of the ...

Comparative studies have revealed that different papillae types – including filiform, fungiform, conical and vallate – are distributed across the tongue’s surface, each serving distinct ...

Figure 1: Recordings from rat taste cells. Figure 2: Identification of HCN mRNAs in rat vallate papilla. Figure 4: Activation of heterologously expressed HCN1 and HCN4 channels by extracellular ...