All major fermentation strategies (batch, fed-batch, repeated batch or draw/fill, continuous culture and perfusion culture) can be applied to plant cell culture 35,63,64.

Initiation of plant cell suspension culture. Plant cells are totipotent, which means that, in principle, every cell contains all genetic information to grow a new plant.

The results of the engineering characterization were validated by cultivating plant suspension cultures (Nicotiana tabacum BY-2 and Vitis vinifera) and insect Sf9 cell cultures.

A new cell culture method for adherent cells—touted as a continuous upstream manufacturing technique suited specifically for cell-based therapies—was recently announced.The technique relies on ...