Indeed, chloroplasts resemble modern cyanobacteria, which remain similar to the cyanobacteria of 3 million years ago. However, the evolution of photosynthesis goes back even further, to the ...

The chloroplast thylakoid membrane is the site for the initial steps of photosynthesis that convert solar energy ... within the membrane gives rise to an intricate three-dimensional structure that is ...

This process, called photosynthesis, is essential to the global carbon cycle and organisms that conduct photosynthesis represent the lowest level in most food chains (Figure 1). Most living things ...

The cross-section of a leaf reveals its complex structure ... palisade cells at the upper side are packed with chloroplasts to maximise photosynthesis. On the lower half of the leaf are spongy ...

one in which the spatial structure of the chloroplast membranes is "locked" in an active light and photosynthesis mode and another in which the membranes are organized in a perpetual darkness mode ...

The precise structure sheds fresh light on ... and oxygen through this intricate mechanism. In the chloroplasts, the central ...