The three-signal paradigm tries to capture how the innate immune system instructs adaptive immune responses in three well-defined actions: (1) presentation of antigenic peptides in the context of MHC ...

CRISPR-based detection has long been challenged by the separation of amplification and detection steps. In this study, Cheng et al., show that heparin sodium modulates Cas12 cleavage activity and ...

Biosynthesis can be exploited for chemical synthesis in vitro or in cells like Escherichia coli by combining substrates with enzymes using recombinant methods. The introduction of fluoroalkyl ...

Future Microbiol. 2009;4(2):223-240.

Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis are known to have some degree of antivirulence effects. Macrolides bind reversibly to 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosome ...

Plant secondary metabolism involves the synthesis of terpenes, nitrogenous compounds, and phenolic substances. Phenolics (tannins, flavonoids, lignins, coumarins, phenylpropanoids, etc.) are ...