The patient and the lithotriptor that emits the shock waves are placed in a water bath. Water allows easier conduction of the shock waves through the patient's tissue and precise focus on the ...

For ESWL, patients received approximately 2,500 shock waves (330–694 kJ), delivered by a Sonolith 4000 lithotriptor (EDAP TMS SA, Vaulx-en-Velin, France). Anesthesia was required in all patients ...