Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 3G8, Canada Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 3G9, ...

In vitro research has many advantages over in vivo research, such as (1) tight control of chemical and physical environment, (2) reduced cost (3) higher throughput, and (4) reduced animal-use. However ...