We define ‘cheaters’ as microbes investing less into extracellular enzyme production than decomposers, which means that they benefit from the investments of their competitors 26.

Adenosine deaminase 2 (ADA2) plays a critical role in immune regulation, particularly in monocyte differentiation and ...

The fine-scale association between enzyme genotype and phylogeny is consistent with the relatively simple genetic structure underlying the production of extracellular enzymes.

Bacteria are ubiquitous microscopic organisms capable of rapid growth. While beneficial strains like lactic acid bacteria ...

Biological vesicles are nano-sized containers that transport proteins and other substances within or between cells. Most cells release so-called extracellular vesicles (EVs), which play important ...

Microglia are the brain's immune cells known to play a vital role in maintaining neural function and responding to potential ...

So it's required for cell division," Monteiro said. "The enzyme asparaginase depletes this amino acid in the extracellular medium, converting it into aspartate and ammonia.

A simple change in the way donor cells are processed can maximize a single cell's production of extracellular vesicles, which are small nanoparticles naturally secreted by cells, according to new ...

Researchers at the La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI) report that the misunderstood enzyme ADA2 inhibits inflammation in blood vessels.

There are two types of enzymes produced by biological cells: one type of enzymes that are produced inside the cell and then secreted outside the cell for action, called extracellular enzymes. Most of ...

This paper is related with the processes of liver fibrosis, an illness caused by the overproduction of extracellular matrix proteins in the liver tissue. During fibrosis, levels of TGF-beta are ...

Low serum sodium concentrations in the blood are called hyponatremia, a prevalent clinical electrolyte disorder. In contrast to acute hyponatremia, chronic hyponatremia has been previously considered ...