In such situations empirical models based on more available data ... was to use a regression approach using the TAPM domestic estimate as the dependent variable. The best resultant regression ...

The estimation of ... We validate the model empirically by using various coverage tests and loss function measures and discover that the choice of de-noising treatments for the covariance target plays ...

Khan, Mozaffar N., and Ross L. Watts. "Estimation and Empirical Properties of a Firm-Year Measure of Accounting Conservatism." Journal of Accounting & Economics 48, nos. 2-3 (December 2009): 132–150.

Empirical data, rather than climate models, were used to estimate this variability. A new study based on 1,000 years of temperature records suggests global warming is not progressing as fast as it ...