meaning a color different from that seen in unpolarized white light, not explained by Newton's scale of interference colors. 6 By convention, birefringence is positive if the higher refractive ...

Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) polarized light subjected to gravitational lensing effects, in addition to cosmic birefringence ... time created by the large-scale structure in the middle ...

Vacuum birefringence is a weird quantum phenomenon that has only ever been observed on an atomic scale. It occurs when a neutron star is surrounded by a magnetic field so intense, it's given rise ...