The apical pulse (or precordial impulse) originates from the bottom of the heart and is felt on the outer left chest wall just under the nipple. The apical pulse provides information about heart rate ...

The teeth studied were subjected to coronary opening and pulp extirpation up to the apical barrier. The canals were left open and exposed to the oral environment in order to induce periapical lesions.

In this study, we found that periapical granulomas are the major histopathologic type of periapical lesions in primary teeth. In addition, the cytokines IL-1α and IL-1β are abundantly expressed ...