Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship where all species involved benefit from their interactions. While mutualism is highly complex, it can be roughly broken down into two types of ...

Through the facilitation of partners, mutualism allows organisms to excel in otherwise marginal habitats, avoid competition, exploit new niches and buffer environmental variability. For example ...

Parasitism: Rafflesia, the world’s largest flower, takes water and nutrients from the host plant it grows on.

The Lotka-Volterra model with linear functional responses provided little theoretical foundation for the population dynamics of mutualism. May (1976) explicitly stated: "Lotka-Volterra models ...

Commensalism is a relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is unaffected. Mutualism is a relationship in which both organisms benefit in some way. Here are 10 examples of ...

“We mostly think about plant signaling as targeting sight and smell, but here these plants are not so much giving a ‘shout out’ but a ‘shout back’ to the bats to come on over,” Rohan Clarke, an ...

She suspects it's because of mutualism, a term for when humans view animals with as much empathy and protection as they would fellow humans. A study by Michael Manfredo charted mutualism and three ...