Annulus fibrosus (AF) tissue engineering has recently received increasing attention as a treatment for intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration; however, such engineering remains challenging because ...

Disc herniation is a result of the protrusion of the nucleus pulposus through a tear in the annulus fibrosus. The annulus fibrosus may rupture completely, resulting in an extruded disc, or it may ...

Each disk is made up of two parts that work together to absorb and cushion the spine: Annulus fibrosus: This is the sturdy yet flexible outer layer of the disk. It forms a ring or circle around ...

It consists of two distinct components, nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus. The annulus fibrosus is a structure composed of concentric rings of fibro-cartilaginous tissue. It encloses the ...

2.1 Lumbar disc herniation occurs when the nucleus pulposus of an intervertebral disc protrudes through a tear in the surrounding annulus fibrosus. Symptoms include pain in the back or leg, and ...