As noted, sand is a good call if you’re keeping burrowing fish and bottom feeders, such as pleco and cory catfish. A note: while sand makes a great substrate, it can easily cause clogs if it ...

In bottom-up fabrication, sheet graphene is grown on a metal substrate such as copper or nickel foil by heating hydrocarbon gases such as methane at around 1000°C. The metal substrate acts as a ...

The bottom-up approach mimics biological processes, where individual atoms pile up one after the other on a substrate to form molecules. Biological molecules then arrange themselves independently into ...