Almost all plant cells have large vacuoles that contain both hydrolytic enzymes and a variety of defense proteins. Plants use vacuoles and vacuolar contents for programmed cell death (PCD) in two ...

and the lytic vacuoles of acidic pH, which are equivalent in function to lysosomes in mammalian cells (Figure 1). A special feature of guard cells is that they can increase or decrease their ...

However, the opposite applies to animal cells. As they don’t have a cell wall they are irregular shapes. Vacuoles are spaces or cavities within cells that are enclosed by a membrane and usually ...

The research team showed that ATG8, which is normally located in small cellular vesicles that mediate autophagy, is quickly relocated to the vacuole membrane upon disruption of the cell wall.