In the paper, scientists used a new technology and synthesized carbide from titanium, zirconium, niobium, hafnium, and tantalum (TiZrNbHfTaС 5), as well as carbonitride from these components.

tantalum, zirconium, and others. When they interact with carbon, a layer of metal carbide is formed. The authors of the study chose niobium because of its ability to form chemically stable films ...