PAMs demonstrated a unique ability to transition between fluid-like and solid-like states depending on the stresses applied. Zhou illustrates this adaptability, noting that under shear stress, PAMs ...
The shear stress is not related to the magnitude of the shear angle ... The velocity gradients are set up by the no-slip condition at the wall. When a fluid is in contact with a solid surface, there ...
Non-Newtonian fluids may exhibit shear thinning, where the viscosity decreases with stress; common examples include ketchups and sauces that can appear almost solid-like at rest. The reverse is ...