Similar to its family member, TGF-β, activin A also transmits signals through SMAD2/SMAD3, however, they bind to distinct receptors ... The canonical pathway is Smad-dependent, while the non-canonical ...

Phosphorylation of Smad3, p38 MAPK and Akt was analysed by western blotting ... and other cell differentiation-related signals, including Indian Hedgehog (IHH) and Wnt proteins have been implicated in ...