The existing lead pyrometallurgical processes have two main issues, toxic lead emission into the environment and high energy consumption; the developing hydrometallurgical processes have the ...

Two major metallurgical routes to produce industrial metals are pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. Pyrometallurgical technologies include the thermal treatment of metal ores to extract valuable ...

The researchers also compared recycling methods. These include pyrometallurgical recycling (exposing the valuable parts of the battery to high temperatures and then recovering those metals as ...