THE diagnosis of pericardial effusion and pericarditis is often difficult. The history and physical signs can be misleading, and the electrocardiogram is frequently equivocal. A high index of ...

All patients had persistent, symptomatic pericardial effusion, which was classified by echocardiography as severe (53%), moderate (43%) or mild (4%). The most common causes of pericardial effusion ...

In rare instances, the pericardial effusion is refractory to all forms of treatment. In such cases, surgical creation of a pleuropericardial window is advocated.