The immune system responds to an infection by producing antibodies that recognize and bind to the cell surface of the pathogen, thus marking it as an intruder and triggering an immune response. For ...

(Image: Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0) Exogenous antigens are foreign substances that enter the body from the external environment. Examples include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other pathogens. These ...

which usually involve priming with one antigen and boosting with another and do not specifically address the difficulty of eliciting a useful antibody response Thus, some pathogens have evolved ...

The combinatorial generation of a highly diverse lymphocyte receptor repertoire allows vertebrates to recognize almost any potential pathogen or toxin and to mount antigen-specific responses to it.

In many cases, an antigen is a bacterium, fungus, virus, toxin, or foreign body. But it can also be a cell that is faulty or dead. The immune system detects pathogen-associated molecular patterns ...

The immune system responds to an infection by producing antibodies that recognize and bind to the cell surface of the pathogen, thus marking it as an intruder and triggering an immune response. For ...

Each type of antibody attaches to only one specific antigen. The organism must make different antibodies for each type of pathogen. The antibodies cause pathogens to stick together and make it ...

A new study by LMU and Helmholtz Munich shows how the pathogen Trypanosoma brucei controls changes in its cell surface to evade the immune ...

‘Mono’ means one and 'clone' means identical copy. Monoclonal antibodies are, therefore, identical copies of one type of antibody. Antibodies bind to specific antigens on pathogens. This means ...

An important trigger for antigen switching is a double-strand ... but also many other pathogens. “Additionally, our study demonstrates the power of highly sensitive single-cell RNA sequencing ...