One additional baseline factor split participants into four subgroups. For the SPADI trees, high pain self-efficacy reduced the likelihood of continued pain and disability. Notably, participants with ...

4 factors were associated with better outcomes for both measures and time points: lower baseline disability (β=−0.32, 95% CI −0.23 to −0.40), patient expectation of ‘complete recovery’ compared to ...

Epidural steroid injections demonstrated limited efficacy in reducing back pain and disability, according to a systematic review from the American Academy of Neurology (AAN). In cervical and ...