When a cathodic current pulse is applied to the electrode, charge is added to the electrode, the potential across the electrode/electrolyte interface becomes more negative as the double layer ...

In practice, an effect known as overpotential slows the electrochemical reactions: the formation and decomposition of insoluble Li 2 O 2 are slow and its conductivity is also very low. In addition ...

The OER can be accelerated by using noble metal catalysts; however, these metals are expensive and scarce, and speeding up the reaction requires additional energy (known as overpotential).