So, even bipolar amplifiers with “low” output impedance can have imperfect gain and linearity due to thermal feedback from the output transistors to the input stages. Now let’s look at some ...

Instead, as we ask for more and more current from the device, we’ll see its output voltage sag. Just like with input impedance, we can model this sagging as a simple resistance: how much does ...

When used with other blocks and modules, a new approach to modeling operational-amplifier output impedance behavior can provide a more realistic overall behavioral model. Simulating the behavior ...

is the open loop small-signal AC output impedance. Before getting into the details of output impedance, let’s first define some terms. Throughout this series, I’ll use the term Zo to indicate the open ...

Assuming you know the voltage and current requirements of the VRM, the typical target impedance calculation is used to establish the output impedance of the VRM. Using a 12Vinput 3.3V/10A output VRM ...

Loudspeakers have impedances of 8 ohms, 6 ohms or 4 ohms (those are “nominal” or approximate values, because the impedance of a speaker changes all the time with the different frequencies of music). A ...