As an example, let’s consider the AND gate (the others are OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR). Electronic gates operate on two nominal voltages, normally 0 V and 5 V, representing the logic 0 ...

The paper then goes on to describe a three-input NOR* gate implementation using only the P- and N-type “triodes” (Fig. 3). It’s interesting to note that while our conventions have changed in ...

In this paper, we propose the design of Low Power universal gates like NAND and NOR. The proposed gates have been designed in such a way that the paths formed between the supply and ground rails are ...