Male pregnancy evolved in these species to increase reproductive success. By shifting gestation to males, females can produce ...

But with pipefish, the males carry and protect the embryos,” said Nicole Tosto, a PhD student at the university. They found certain biological differences between male and female pipefish.

Male pipefish are known for their unique role in carrying and nurturing developing eggs, which are unusually large for the size of the adult fish. It has long been thought that pipefish dads also ...