Multi-spacecraft scientific missions for space physics have been flown since the 1960s with early missions such as IMP, VELA, Helios, and ISEE. Much of the success in understanding the Earth's ...

But in the magnetosphere collisions between particles ... through other complicated multistage acceleration processes, the ionosphere, cause an anisotropic distribution of particles and excite ...

Space Weather is an emerging field of space science focusing on understanding the conditions and processes on the sun, in the interplanetary space, and in the Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere and ...