For ESWL, patients received approximately 2,500 shock waves (330–694 kJ), delivered by a Sonolith 4000 lithotriptor (EDAP TMS SA, Vaulx-en-Velin, France). Anesthesia was required in all patients ...

The patient and the lithotriptor that emits the shock waves are placed in a water bath. Water allows easier conduction of the shock waves through the patient's tissue and precise focus on the ...