Crust and lithospheric mantle—the thinnest and thickest layers of the Earth's lithosphere—and a wide range of dynamic processes that deform them can be studied by using high precision geodetic ...

Research on the interactions between Earth's lithosphere, atmosphere, and ionosphere has uncovered new insights into how ...

The processes that form continental crust from the denser basaltic rocks of the upper mantle may make the lower lithosphere denser than the underlying mantle. One theory holds that the lower ...

Long back, a large collection of material masses coalesced and formed the Earth – it was a single crust or plate with no ...