Previous approaches didn't provide sufficient resolution to let researchers accurately detect the association and dissociation of protons to and from individual amino-acid residues in real time.

In a study published in 2005, the Grosman lab showed that ionizable amino acids (that is, those that may alternately be charged or neutral) can be engineered into the inner lining of the channel pore.

In a study published in 2005, the Grosman lab showed that ionizable amino acids (that is, those that may alternately be charged or neutral) can be engineered into the inner lining of the channel pore.

Electrospray ionization (ESI) has become an increasingly popular technique for the study of molecules in complex biological samples, but it has a major limitation: sample loss. “MS is an amazingly ...