The SFA can measure the magnitude and range of these forces, which play a crucial role in many biological and chemical systems, such as protein folding and membrane interactions. Hydrophobic forces ...

or by atomic force microscopy images. A simple fragmentation model is therefore inconsistent with the fibrillation observed. A final factor — the influence of hydrophobic interfacial area ...

This shearing force has never been explained before ... But in a counterintuitive twist, the very mechanism that enables hydrophobic surfaces to deflect water droplets also leads to the shearing ...