Grade I HE is marked by subtle behavioral changes, such as sleep disturbances, inattention, and moodiness. Upon progressing to OHE, patients may exhibit drastic personality changes, irritability ...

Hepatic encephalopathy is caused by the accumulation of gut-derived toxic substances, such as ammonia, in the bloodstream that are normally removed by the liver. Treatment usually consists of ...

Patients with cirrhosis and minimal hepatic encephalopathy often experience sleep difficulties, but treatment with benzodiazepines is frequently ineffective and can have serious side effects.