During infections, the immune system needs to distinguish foreign antigens that are expressed by invading bacteria and ...

Thus antigens, either self or foreign, expressed exclusively on cells in solid tissues outside of lymphoid tissues, are immunologically ignored by both T and B cells 28,29 .

New research shows how a specially trained population of immune cells keeps the peace by preventing other immune cells from attacking their own. The study provides a better understanding of immune ...

Antigen-presenting cells work to present peptides derived from exogenous and endogenous antigens to circulating T cells, sparking off an immune response. Dendritic cells are unique amongst antigen ...

Autoimmune diseases make the immune system attack healthy tissues. These can affect organs like kidneys, leading to ...

The T-cells and B-cells in this system have receptors that recognize specific foreign antigens, and they develop long-lasting immune memory to protect against future infections or cancers.