Europium metal is now known to be highly reactive; the element's most stable oxidation state is +3, but the +2 state also occurs in solid-state compounds and water.

Some heavy periodic elements may be created almost exclusively by such cosmic crashes. Europium, one of the least-common elements in the universe, is a candidate and is used in TVs, lasers ...

This clay matrix is used to stabilize and enhance the performance of two key components: europium(III) (or Eu(III)) complexes, which provide vibrant luminescence, and heptyl viologen (HV 2 ...

The device simultaneously controls color and light emission at low voltage by embedding color-changing viologen derivatives and luminescent europium(III) complexes in a layered clay matrix.