Many of these mutations affect genes that are involved in endocrine signalling pathways. Attenuation of signalling through the insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) pathways prolongs the ...

Synthetic chemicals and plastics are useful and indispensable in our lives. On the other hand, the world is grappling with ...

The protein menin suppresses signaling in the much-studied Hedgehog pathway in endocrine organs. Menin mutations lead to increased Hedgehog signaling and cell proliferation. Researchers found that ...

Approximately 75% of all breast cancers are ER-positive, and so targeting ER signaling with endocrine therapy has been and continues to be the backbone for the treatment of ER+ breast cancer.

As hormonally-responsive tissues, the breast and thyroid share endocrine signaling. Breast cells are responsive to thyroid hormone signaling and are affected by altered thyroid hormone levels.

Besides the endocrine signaling, the paracrine system transmits information between cells over short ranges via extracellular vesicles. These EVs are biomembrane-enclosed vesicles that contain ...

Breast cancer is the leading cancer malignancy in women and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is among the most aggressive types as it is insensitive to endocrine and HER2-targeted therapy because ...