One cause of esophageal strictures is gastroesophageal reflux disease, a condition in which excessive acid is refluxed from the stomach up into the esophagus, causing inflammation in the lower ...

Duodenal stenosis has been classified into three types in relation to papillary involvement. Type I involving the bulb only, type II involving the second portion and the papilla and type III ...

stomach and duodenum (Figure 1). Malignant or benign anastomotic strictures and regional lymphadenopathy can also cause GOO. Historically, benign GOO was often a sequela of peptic ulcer disease.