Investigations Physical examination, contrast-enhanced CT of the chest, Doppler ultrasonography of the upper extremities, venography, coagulation studies, echocardiography. Diagnosis Superior vena ...

A venogram is a test that lets your doctor see your veins on an X-ray. Veins typically cannot be seen on a normal X-ray. This test involves the injection of a liquid called contrast dye.

Contrast medium injected into the distal catheter demonstrates the incompetent superficial system (Fig. 3). Of the 13 cases treated surgically on the basis of the guidance provided by venography ...

A venogram is a test done by injecting contrast dye into your veins. After the dye is in your veins, your doctor will use a type of X-ray testing called a fluoroscopy to image your veins ...

Contrast venography is an excellent diagnostic tool that is generally reserved for guiding percutaneous interventions. Other imaging modalities that could be considered include MRI, which allows ...

Although the pelvic collaterals may appear large on a venogram, they may be of little functional value. The flow is often retrograde owing to reversed valve orientation and impeded owing to the ...

Venography can be most useful if the configuration ... The renal bloodstream, devoid of the contrast medium, produces a short, smooth, biconcave deformity in the caval density at the level of ...

Limited options are available for these patients. Alternative subtyping techniques include gadolinium-based contrast media for adrenal venography, carbon dioxide as a substitute for contrast dye ...