Cement is one of the key ingredients in making concrete, which is the most used construction material worldwide.

In cement manufacturing, limestone and other ingredients are added to a kiln. In the standard process today, fossil fuels are burned to heat the kiln, emitting carbon dioxide. The heat breaks down ...

Roman concrete is an engineering marvel known for its longevity and strength. It has persisted for thousands of years, with ...

The water-soluble chloride ion content contributed by ingredients including water, aggregates, cementitious materials, and admixtures is determined in concrete mixtures at ages between 28 and 42 days.