Cauda equina syndrome is caused by any large space-occupying mass, such as a large central HNP, located in the spinal canal at the level of the cauda equina. The cauda equina is the lumbar and ...

Posteriorly, the bony arch encircles the spinal canal (Fig 1). It is composed of transverse processes, facet joints, two pedicles, two laminae, and a spinous process. In the lumbar spine, the bony ...