With the earlier definition of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), patients were essentially defined as having either chronic bronchitis or emphysema, with emphysema classified as a ...

1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Tannourine Governmental Hospital, Batroun, Lebanon. 2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal ...

Significant alterations in the structure and cellular composition of the distal lung are a defining characteristic of ...